Mithridates VI was celebrated in the city as a new Pergamus. They formed in '06 and have just released a full length album entitled "Feel Life's Fear". This was challenged by Aristonicus who claimed to be Attalus III's brother and led an armed uprising against the Romans with the help of Blossius, a famous Stoic philosopher. Today Pergamum is a very cute, nice and a traditional city named Bergama at the Aegean Region of Turkey. A costly and lengthy renovation project in Berlin's most visited museum has turned into another construction nightmare. pur'-ga-mos, or pur'-ga-mum (he Pergamos, or to Pergamon): 1. Additional theatres were built in the Roman period, one in the Roman new city and the other in the sanctuary of Asclepius. [20] The presence of an Armenian community, probably from refugees from the Muslim conquests, is attested during the 7th century, from which the emperor Philippikos (r. 711–713) hailed. Yet it was only under Trajan and his successors that a comprehensive redesign and remodelling of the city took place, with the construction a Roman 'new city' at the base of the Acropolis. Pergamon (Ancient Greek: Πέργαμον or Πέργαμος), or Pergamum, was an ancient Greek city in modern-day Turkey, in Mysia, today located 16 miles (26 km) from the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakırçay), that became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 281–133 BC. Christ says to the church that He knows where they dwell, "where Satan's seat is". 1:11) and forms the third letter, an order which suits its position in geographical sequence. Instead, the city was henceforth required to pay tribute, accommodate and supply Roman troops, and the property of many of the inhabitants was confiscated. The famous Altar of Zeus, which was originally in the Acropolis, was taken to Germany in 1897 and it is presently on exhibition at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. The city itself was declared free and was briefly the capital of the province, before it was transferred to Ephesus. ", W. Dörpfeld, "Die Arbeiten zu Pergamon 1901–1902. a circular treatment center (sometimes known as the Temple of Telesphorus), the Via Tecta (or the Sacred Way, which is a colonnaded street leading to the sanctuary) and, Aristocles (1st century AD), a Greek sophist. The base of the cult image inside the cella supported three cult statues. Here you can find information about the history of ancient Turkey, about biblical sites to visit in Turkey and Greece, major Christian Saints, missionary journeys of St. Paul and Seven Churches of St. John. The Sanctuary of Demeter occupied an area of 50 x 110 metres on the middle level of the south slope of the citadel. At the dedication of temples to Asclepius, snakes would be encouraged to enter the building. The two terraces were linked by a staircase of eleven steps around 7.5 metres wide, descending from the front of the temple. Most of the finds from the Pergamon excavations before the First World War were taken to the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, with a smaller portion going to the İstanbul Archaeological Museum after it was opened in 1891. [53], The 80 m long and 55 m wide 'Lower Agora' was built under Eumenes II and was not significantly altered until Late Antiquity. Doubtless, such a ceremony took place in Pergamos too. On Dionysus Kathegemon, see Erwin Ohlemutz: Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier, Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie, "Darstellung der Forschungsgeschichte seit Carl Humann auf der Website des DAI", http://chs.harvard.edu/publications.sec/online_print_books.ssp/, Photographic tour of old and new Pergamon, including the museum, The Theatre at Pergamon. The construction consisted in total of three levels. Generally, most of the Hellenistic houses at Pergamon were laid out with a small, centrally-located and roughly square courtyard, with rooms on one or two sides of it. Epigraphic documents survive showing how the Attalids supported the growth of towns by sending in skilled artisans and by remitting taxes. [27] In a less heroic version, Grynos the son of Eurypylus named a city after him in gratitude for a favour. [22] The adaptation of the myth is not entirely smooth. Thus, on the one hand, Eurypylus who must have been part of the dynastic line as a result of the appropriation of the myth, was not mentioned in the hymn sung in honour of Telephus in the Asclepieion. Galen, the most famous physician of antiquity aside from Hippocrates, was born at Pergamon and received his early training at the Asclepeion. [56], The course of the main street, which winds up the hill to the Acropolis with a series of hairpin turns, is typical of the street system of Pergamon. He also belonged to the broader cycle of myths related to the Trojan War as the grandson of Achilles through his father Neoptolemus and of Eetion of Thebe through his mother Andromache (concubine to Neoptolemus after the death of Hector of Troy). Zur Entwicklung des hellenistischen Stadtzentrums von Pergamon. In Asia Minor a library rivaling that of Alexandria was set up at. He was followed by the architectural historian Wilhelm Dörpfeld from 1900 to 1911, who was responsible for the most important discoveries. [25] Pergamon thus entered the Trojan epic cycle, with its ruler said to have been an Arcadian who had fought with Telephus against Agamemnon when he landed at the Caicus, mistook it for Troy and began to ravage the land. The church in Pergamum, like many today, had failed to heed to biblical warnings against worldliness. Pergamos was situated about 100 miles north of Ephesus and boasted a population of around 250,000. To the southeast of this spur, which is known as the 'Garden of the Queen', the massif reaches its greatest height and breaks off suddenly immediately to the east. [74], The Library of Pergamon was the second largest in the ancient Greek world after the Library of Alexandria, containing at least 200,000 scrolls. Die Bauwerke,", Ulrike Wulf, "Der Stadtplan von Pergamon. During the excavations fragments of statues of Trajan and Hadrian were found in the rubble of cella, including their portrait heads, as well as fragments of the cult statue of Zeus Philios.[78]. Since it was the most important street of the city, the quality of the material used in its construction was very high. ), Klaus Rheidt, "Die Obere Agora. There is a cryptic reference to satan in Revelation 2:13, which demands our attention…. Beginning in the Roman period, his image appears on civic coinage and he is said to have had a heroon in the city. Pergamon, Mysia, circa 450 BC. Today ancient Pergamum … Bergama, town, İzmir ili (province), western Turkey, 50 miles (80 km) north of the city of İzmir (Smyrna).It shares the site of ancient Pergamum, of which there are extensive ruins remaining.The modern town lies over the remains of the Roman city, while the remains of the ancient Greek city with its acropolis lie northeast across the Bergama River, on a high hill with terraced slopes. Under Attalus I (241–197 BC), they allied with Rome against Philip V of Macedon, during the first and second Macedonian Wars. The columns were around 5.25 metres high, 0.75 metres in diameter, and the distance between the columns was 1.62 metres, so the colonnade was very light for a temple of this period. The Attalids made the city of Pergamum one of the most important and beautiful of all Greek cities in the Hellenistic Age; it is one of the most outstanding examples of city planning in that period. [8] Xenophon, who calls the city Pergamos, handed over the rest of his Greek troops (some 5,000 men according to Diodorus) to Thibron, who was planning an expedition against the Persian satraps Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, at this location in March 399 BC. [36] The inhabitants of Pergamon enthusiastically followed their lead and took to calling themselves Telephidai (Τηλεφίδαι) and referring to Pergamon itself in poetic registers as the 'Telephian city' (Τήλεφις πόλις). There was, as was usual, a stadium, a theatre and temples. [57] The surface of the street consisted of andesite blocks up to 5 metres wide, 1 metre long and 30 cm deep. Pergamon or Pergamum (/ˈpɜːrɡəmən/ or /ˈpɜːrɡəmɒn/; Ancient Greek: Πέργαμον), also referred to by its modern Greek form Pergamos (Greek: Πέργαμος)[a][1], was a rich and powerful ancient Greek city in Mysia. Anyone traveling to the city of Pergamum would encounter the image and smoke from the throne miles before reaching the city. As a result, the area has a strongly inland character. The Sanctuary of Athena is the oldest known Temple in Pergamon and dates back to the 4 century BC. Each of these messages includes a specific word to a specific church, but there are also lessons applicable to the lives of believers today. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The temple and the altar were built for Demeter by Philetaerus, his brother Eumenes, and their mother Boa. The archaeological reports from Pergamon are published in German as Altertümer von Pergamon (de Gruyter, Berlin). He also carried out conservation projects which were of vital importance for maintaining the material remains of Pergamon. Today, all that's left there is the foundation; the Altar of Zeus is more than a thousand miles away. Pergamum is the Latin transliteration of the Greek name Pergamos (also known as Pergamon), which belonged to a celebrated city of Mysia (a region of Asia Minor, part of Anatolia, modern Turkey), situated about thirty kilometers from the west-coast. Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. [11], Coin of Orontes, Achaemenid Satrap of Mysia (including Pergamon), Adramyteion. This third letter is to the believers in Pergamum (or Pergamos), which was a beautiful and art-filled city in the province of … Roman remains include an amphitheatre, a theatre, and a racetrack. The great temples and dramatic theater are visible from anywhere in the city, as they were meant to be. This throne was on top of a 800 foot hill next to the city. It was built in the Hellenistic period and altered in the Roman period. A part of the altar and its surviving reliefs, restored and mounted, now stands in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. The forecourt of the Temple of Isis/Sarapis is still supported by the 193-metre-wide (633-foot) Pergamon Bridge, the largest bridge substruction of antiquity.[87]. Many remains of its impressive monuments can still be seen and especially the outstanding masterpiece of the Pergamon Altar. Since the 19th century excavations, it has generally been identified with an annex of the northern stoa of the sanctuary of Athena in the Upper Citadel, which was built by Eumenes II. Seating capacity of this theater is estimated at 10,000 people. [68][69], At Pergamon, Dionysus had the epithet Kathegemon, 'the guide',[70] and was already worshiped in the last third of the 3rd century BC, when the Attalids made him the chief god of their dynasty. At this time, the system is being repaired so the larger busses have to hire a … The Acropolis of Pergamum (Pergamon) is certainly dramatic, perched atop a high, steep-sided hill to the northeast of the modern city center (). During the Roman period the city was the first capital of the Asian province, … About 9.5 metres in front of the east-facing building, there was an altar, which was 7 metres long and 2.3 metres wide. The ancient city of Pergamum, or Pergamon, was the center of pagan worship in Asia Minor. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Initially they ruled Pergamum as vassals of the Seleucid kingdom, but Eumenes I declared himself independent of Antiochus I (263 bce). Their significance for architectural history lies in the form of the last kilometres from the mountains through a 200-metre-deep (660 ft) valley to the Akropolis. The foundations are still located in the Upper city, but the remains of the Pergamon frieze, which originally decorated it, are displayed in the Pergamon museum in Berlin, where the parts of the frieze taken to Germany have been installed in a partial reconstruction. This terrace had no space for the circular orchestra which was normal in a Greek theatre, so only a wooden stage building was built which could be taken down when there was no performance taking place. The seating area (koilon) is divided horizontally by two walkways, called diazomata, and vertically by 0.75-metre-wide (2.5 ft) stairways into seven sections in the lowest part of the theatre and six in the middle and upper sections. The sanctuary was entered through a Propylon from the east, which led to a courtyard surrounded by stoas on three sides. At this time, the system is being repaired so the larger busses have to … [19] In AD 663/4, Pergamon was captured by raiding Arabs for the first time. On the highest point of the citadel is the Temple for Trajan and Zeus Philios. [64][65], In the New Testament Book of Revelation, the faith of the Pergamon believers, who "dwell where Satan’s throne is" is commended by the author. The temple was about 7 metres wide by 12 metres long, and sat on a three-stepped foundation. Over time the so-called 'Upper agora' was developed at the south end of this. The Lord commended them for holding fast to the faith, even though one of their members had already been martyred, Antipas the “faithful witness.” “Witness” in Greek is martys ; it is because the early church had so many witnesses like Antipas who were “faithful unto death” (Rev. The ruins of a very important ancient settlement named Pergamum are just one hour driving distance from the famous modern city Izmir, Turkey.Today Pergamum is a very cute, nice and a traditional city named Bergama at the Aegean Region of Turkey.. Pergamum's history starts with a man who called Philatarius, who was friend of General Lysimachus, once established Ephesus Tours. Today, only the steps around the altar’s base can be seen in the Pergamum museum in Berlin. The foundations are still located in the Upper city, but the remains of the Pergamon frieze, which originally decorated it, are displayed in the Pergamon museum in Berlin, where the parts of the frieze taken to Germany have been installed in a partial reconstruction. The first mention of Pergamon in written records after ancient times comes from the 13th century. A wide passage or colonnade on the north side of the courtyard often opened onto foyers, which enabled access to other rooms. [48] With progressive development of the open space, these buildings were demolished, while the Upper Agora itself took on a more strongly commercial function, while still a special space as a result of the temple of Zeus. Pliny had called it, “longe clarissimum Asiae Pergamum.” The Original Throne of Satan in the Cretan City of Pergamon The original city of Pergamon and possibly another throne of Satan I have found to be in the exact location where in the Old world where you would most likely find the ancient Greek God of wisdom, medicine, healing, rejuvenation and physicians known as ‘Asclepius’ . They are both located right above the Theatre. The monuments of the Attalids and the Romans were only plundered ruins by this time. The sanctuary was old; its activity can be traced back to the fourth century BC. Asclepius’ symbol is a serpent-entwined staff (still used in the medical world today). In the west was a south-facing Ionic antae temple, the central sanctuary of the gymnasium. There are few traces of the pre-Hellenistic city, since in the following period the terrain was profoundly changed and the construction of broad terraces involved the removal of almost all earlier structures. Pergamon lies on the north edge of the Caicus plain in the historic region of Mysia in the northwest of Turkey. The frieze is 2.30 metres high and has a total length of 113 metres, making it the second longest frieze surviving from antiquity, after the Parthenon Frieze in Athens. [75] Inscriptions in the gymnasium which mention a library might indicate, however, that the building was located in that area.[76][77]. Under the Roman Empire the city was situated on the plain below. Here you can find information about the history of ancient Turkey, about biblical sites to visit in Turkey and Greece, major Christian Saints, missionary journeys of St. Paul and Seven Churches of St. John. [50] After these renovations, the Upper Agora thus served as a centre for trade and spectacle in the city. [23] But the Pergamenes made offerings to Telephus[24] and the grave of his mother Auge was located in Pergamon near the Caicus. At this time, the system is being repaired so the larger busses have to hire a series of cabs to ferry people to the top. From the time of Philetairos, at the latest, this kind of courtyard house was common and it was ever more widespread as time went on, but not universal. Church in Pergamum, Seven Church of Revelation Turkey, Seven Churches of Revelation, Biblical Tour Guide is a web site where we share with you our knowledge and offer you our top services. Kosmetatou, Elizabeth (2003) "The Attalids of Pergamon," in Andrew Erskine, ed.. Nagy, Gregory (1998). The regular people came up the hill to donate things to the Gods. A marble stage building was only built in the 1st century BC. See more. Pergamon reached the height of its influence during the Hellenistic period, becoming the capital of the Attalid kings. In 88 BC, Mithridates VI made the city the headquarters in his first war against Rome, in which he was defeated. It consisted of three terraces, with the main entrance at the southeast corner of the lowest terrace. The Church of Pergamos (Pergamum) is the third of seven Churches addressed in Revelation Chapters 2 & 3. The most famous structure from the city is the monumental altar, which was probably dedicated to Zeus and Athena. Today we headed to the city of Pergamum. [19][20], It suffered from the attacks of the Seljuks on western Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071: after attacks in 1109 and in 1113, the city was largely destroyed and rebuilt only by Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180) in c. 1170. The system provided around 30,000-35,000 cubic metres of water per day. Of these the Upper Level and the 'Main Level' opened onto a central courtyard. The pronaos was four columns wide and two columns deep and was accessed by a staircase of twenty-five steps. The city was the first in the province to receive a second neocorate, from Trajan in AD 113/4. The domain of Philetaerus was limited to the area surrounding the city itself, but Eumenes I was able to expand them greatly. The Caicus was navigable for small native craft. When Eumenes’ son and second successor, Attalus III, died without an heir, he bequeathed the kingdom to Rome (133). Since in the Roman world medicine was usually intertwined with magic and the gods, Galen, the famous 2 nd century AD physician from Pergamum, worked in conjunction with this Asklepion. [44] They remodeled the Acropolis of Pergamon after the Acropolis in Athens. Pergamene sculpture is exemplified by the great reliefs from the altar of Zeus, now in Berlin, and copies of dedicatory statues showing defeated Gauls. Pergamon's oldest temple is a sanctuary of Athena from the 4th century BC. During the reign of Eumenes II and Attalos II, there was a substantial expansion of the city. Today, all that's left of the city of Pergamum, now in modern-day Turkey, are ruins. Sometimes, to avoid persecution, or to just “get along”, we take the easy route and coexist. The Great Altar of Pergamon, on display in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany, For the altar's construction, the required flat area was skillfully created through terracing, in order to allow it to be oriented in relation to the neighbouring Temple of Athena. The lowest and southernmost terrace is small and almost free of buildings. Pergamos, to which the ancient writers also gave the neuter form of the name, was a city of Mysia of the ancient Roman province of Asia, in the Caicus valley, 3 miles from the river, and about 15 miles from the sea. The city had great strategic value, since it overlooked the Caicus River Valley (modern name Bakırçay) which provided access from Pergamon to the Aegean coast. In the east part of the courtyard, there were more than ten rows of seating laid out in front of the northern stoa for participants in the mysteries of Demeter. Jesus had John to pass along one of His prophetic letters to Pergamos (also referred to as Pergamum), in which He says: “I know thy works, and where you dwell, even where satan’s seat is.” According to Christian tradition, in the year 92 Saint Antipas, the first bishop of Pergamum ordained by John the Apostle, was a victim of an early clash between Serapis worshippers and Christians. The Ancient Theatre Archive. On the lower level there were rooms only on the south and east sides because of the slope of the land, which led through a colonnade to the exterior of the space. The city of Pergamum (Pergamos) had been the capital of the Roman province of Asia for two centuries after it's last king ,Attalus III, bequeathed it to Rome in 133B.C. Because of the growth of the city, the streets were expanded and the city was monumentalised. the ancient capital of this kingdom; now the site of Bergama, in W Turkey. [54] As with the Upper Agora, the rectangular form of the agora was adapted to the steep terrain. [6] Earlier habitation in the Bronze Age cannot be demonstrated, although Bronze Age stone tools are found in the surrounding area. For those who have visited this impressive Roman site in the past, you might recall the sky-tram running from the base of the mountain to the park entrance. A permanent residence is the idea. "The Idea of the Library as a Classical Model for European Culture,". Pliny had called it, “longe clarissimum Asiae Pergamum.” The Original Throne of Satan in the Cretan City of Pergamon The original city of Pergamon and possibly another throne of Satan I have found to be in the exact location where in the Old world where you would most likely find the ancient Greek God of wisdom, medicine, healing, rejuvenation and physicians known as ‘Asclepius’ . In the 19th century, German engineers dismantled the altar and took it to Berlin. The rest of the structure was of Hellenistic date, built in local marble and had a marble frieze decorated with bucrania. Recorded in Revelation 2:12-17, this letter is identified as being "the words of him who has the sharp, double-edged sword" (verse 12). Pergamum existed at least Pergamon still remained a famous city and the noteworthy luxuries of Lucullus included imported wares from the city, which continued to be the site of a conventus (regional assembly). The City of Pergamum. This victory over the Galatians, a threat to the Pergamene kingdom, secured his power, which he then attempted to consolidate. The work was continued by Conze, who aimed for the most complete possible exposure and investigation of the historic city and citadel that was possible. Pergamum, also known as Pergamos, was called the greatest city in Asia Minor. The pipe from the pool to the Acropolis consisted of only a single channel - a lead pipe pressurised to 200 mH2O. https://www.britannica.com/place/Pergamum, UNESCO World Heritage Convention - Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Pergamon, Turkey, Pergamum - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). This expansion was accomplished as the result of Eumenes II’s alliance with Rome in its conflict with the Seleucid Antiochus III. The city is centered around a 335-metre-high (1,099 ft) mesa of andesite which formed its acropolis. Possible coinage of the Greek ruler Gongylos, wearing the Persian cap on the reverse, as ruler of Pergamon for the Achaemenid Empire. Built in the 2nd century BC Pergamos ( Pergamum ) is the foundation ; the altar and took to. Almost free of buildings two terraces were linked by a staircase of eleven steps the... Opened up by streets and refortified after the Acropolis and a new Gymnasion in the Roman the! 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